Subsurface imaging system and method

ABSTRACT

A portable structure supports a subsurface imaging system and is moveable over a given imaging site. At least a first antenna of a plurality of antennae is oriented in a manner differing from an orientation of a second antenna of the plurality of antennae, such as the first antenna being orientated substantially orthogonal to the second antenna. The antennae may operate in a bi-static mode. Transmitter and receiver circuitry, coupled to the antennae, respectively generates electromagnetic probe signals and receives electromagnetic return signals resulting from the probe signals. A processor processes the received electromagnetic return signals. A display may be provided as part of the subsurface imaging system and/or as part of a processing system separate from the subsurface imaging system which processes the received electromagnetic return signals. The processor can generate two-dimensional and/or three-dimensional detection data using the received electromagnetic return signals.

This is a request for filing a divisional application under 37 CFR §1.53(b) of application Ser. No. 09/723,944, which was filed on Nov. 28, 2000, to issue on Nov. 12, 2002 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,477,795; which is a divisional of Ser. No. 09/510,103 filed on Feb. 22, 2000, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,195,922 on Mar. 6, 2001; which is a divisional of application No. 08/917,394 filed on Aug. 25, 1997, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,119,376 on Sep. 19, 2000; which is a continuation of application No. 08/663,491 filed on Jun. 13, 1996, and issue as U.S. Pat. No. 5,704,142 on Jan. 6, 1998; which is a continuation of application No. 08/662,042 filed on Jun. 12, 1996, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,985 Aug. 26, 1997; which is a continuation of application No. 08/491,679 filed on Jun. 19, 1995, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,553,407 on Sep. 10, 1996.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of excavation and, more particularly, to a system and process for performing subsurface imaging at a site.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various types of excavators have been developed to excavate a predetermined site or route in accordance with a particular manner of excavation. One particular type of excavator, often referred to as a track trencher, is typically utilized when excavating long continuous trenches for purposes of installing and subsequently burying various types of pipelines and utility conduits. A land developer or contractor may wish to excavate several miles or even hundreds of miles of terrain having varying types of unknown subsurface geology.

Generally, such a contractor will perform a limited survey of a predetermined excavation site in order to assess the nature of the terrain, and the size or length of the terrain to be excavated. One or more core samples may be analyzed along a predetermined excavation route to better assess the type of soil to be excavated. Based on various types of qualitative and quantitative information, a contractor will generally prepare a cost budget that forecasts the financial resources needed to complete the excavation project. A fixed cost bid is often presented by such a contractor when bidding on an excavation contract.

It can be appreciated that insufficient, inaccurate, or misleading survey information can dramatically impact the accuracy of a budget or bid associated with a particular excavation project. An initial survey, for example, may suggest that the subsurface geology for all or most of a predetermined excavation route consists mostly of sand or loose gravel. The contractor's budget and bid will, accordingly, reflect the costs associated with excavating relatively soft subsurface soil. During excavation, however, it may instead be determined that a significant portion of the predetermined excavation route consists of relatively hard soil, such a granite, for example. The additional costs associated with excavating the undetected hard soil are typically borne by the contractor. It is generally appreciated in the excavation industry that such unforeseen costs can compromise the financial viability of a contractor's business.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to systems and methods for performing subsurface imaging. According to one embodiment, a system of the present invention includes a portable structure and a subsurface imaging system supported by the portable structure. In one configuration, the subsurface imaging system includes a plurality of antennae. At least a first antenna of the plurality of antennae is oriented in a manner differing from an orientation of a second antenna of the plurality of antennae. By way of example, the first antenna is orientated substantially orthogonal to the second antenna. The plurality of antennae may, for example, operate in a bi-static mode.

The system further includes transmitter circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, for generating electromagnetic probe signals. Receiver circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, receives electromagnetic return signals resulting from transmission of the electromagnetic probe signals. A processor is provided for processing the received electromagnetic return signals. A display may be provided as part of the subsurface imaging system and/or as part of a processing system separate from the subsurface imaging system which processes the received electromagnetic return signals. The processor can generate two-dimensional and/or three-dimensional detection data using the received electromagnetic return signals. The processor, for example, can generate data representative of a volume of the subsurface within which a detected subsurface object or feature is located. One or more geophysical instruments can also be supported on the portable structure for sensing one or more geophysical characteristics of the subsurface subjected to imaging.

According to another embodiment, a subsurface imaging system supported by a portable structure includes transmitter circuitry for generating electromagnetic probe signals and a plurality of transmit antennae coupled to the transmitter circuitry. A plurality of receive antennae is provided for receiving electromagnetic return signals, and receiver circuitry is coupled to the receive antennae. The plurality of antennae, by way of example, can operate in a bi-static mode. By way of further example, at least two of the transmit antennae can be oriented substantially orthogonal to one another, and at least two of the receive antennae can be oriented substantially orthogonal to one another.

According to this embodiment, a positioning system detects a position of the portable structure. The positioning system, for example, can be a range radar positioning system, an ultra-sonic positioning system, or a global positioning system (GPS).

A processor processes received electromagnetic return signals. The processor also associates position data acquired by the positioning system with return signal data to generate location data representative of a location of an underground object subjected to the electromagnetic probe signals. For example, the processor, using the received electromagnetic return signals and position data acquired by the positioning system, can generate a map of a subsurface over which the portable structure is moved.

In accordance with a further embodiment, a method of imaging a subsurface involves transmitting, while moving a plurality of antennae, electromagnetic probe signals into the subsurface. While moving the plurality of antennae, electromagnetic return signals are received from the subsurface. Positioning data associated with movement of the plurality of antennae is generated. One or more geophysical parameters associated with the subsurface can also be acquired. The return signals and positioning data are processed to generate location data representative of a location of an underground object or feature within the subsurface. Such information can be produced and displayed in a two-dimensional and/or three-dimensional form. For example, the return signals and positioning data can be used to generate a map of a subsurface over which the portable structure is moved.

Various methods have been developed to analyze subsurface geology in order to ascertain the type, nature, and structural attributes of the underlying terrain. Ground penetrating radar and infrared thermography are examples of two popular methods for detecting variations in subsurface geology. These and other non-destructive imaging analysis tools, however, suffer from a number of deficiencies that currently limit their usefulness when excavating long, continuous trenches, or when excavating relatively large sites. Further, conventional subsurface analysis tools typically only provide an image of the geology of a particular subsurface, and do not provide information regarding the structural or mechanical attributes of the underlying terrain which is critical when attempting to determine the characteristics of the soil to be excavated.

There is a need among developers and contractors who utilize excavation machinery to minimize the difficulty of determining the characteristics of subsurface geology at a predetermined excavation site. There exists a further need to increase the production efficiency of an excavator by accurately characterizing such subsurface geology. The present invention fulfills these and other needs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side view of one embodiment of an excavator, termed a track trencher, including a ditcher chain trenching attachment;

FIG. 2 is a generalized system block diagram of a track trencher embodiment of an excavator;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a main user interface for controlling a track trencher excavator, for viewing acquired geological and position data, and for interfacing with various electronic and electromechanical components of the excavator;

FIG. 4 is a system block diagram of a main control unit (MCU) of a novel excavator data acquisition and control system;

FIG. 5 is a system block diagram of a geologic data acquisition unit (GDAU) of a novel excavator data acquisition and control system;

FIG. 6 is plot of reflected source electromagnetic signals received by a ground penetrating radar system using a conventional single-axis antenna system;

FIG. 7 is a system block diagram of a geographic positioning unit (GPU) of a novel excavator data acquisition and control system;

FIG. 8 is a system block diagram of an excavator control unit (ECU) of a novel excavator data acquisition and control system;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of various databases and software accessed and processed by the main control unit (MCU);

FIG. 10 is an illustration of a predetermined excavation site having a heterogenous subsurface geology;

FIG. 11 is an illustration of a survey profile in chart form obtained for a predetermined excavation route using a novel geologic data acquisition unit (GDAU) and geologic positioning unit (GPU);

FIG. 12 is an illustration of an estimated excavation production profile in chart form corresponding to the survey profile chart of FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is an illustration of a predetermined excavation site having a heterogenous subsurface geology and an unknown buried object;

FIG. 14 is an illustration of a conventional single-axis antenna system typically used with a ground penetrating radar system for providing two-dimensional subsurface geologic imaging;

FIG. 15 is an illustration of a novel antenna system including a plurality of antennas oriented in an orthogonal relationship for use with a ground penetrating radar system to provide three-dimensional subsurface geologic imaging;

FIG. 16 is an illustration of a partial grid of city streets and an excavator equipped with a novel excavator data acquisition and control system employed to accurately map a predetermined excavation site; and

FIGS. 17-20 illustrate in flow diagram form generalized method steps for effecting a novel excavator data acquisition and control process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The novel excavator data acquisition and control system and process provides for a substantial enhancement in excavation efficiency and project cost estimation by the acquisition and processing of geological, geophysical, and geographic position information for a particular excavation site. The operation of an excavator is preferably optimized by modifying excavator operating parameters based on acquired survey data and input commands received from an operator of the excavator. The accuracy of estimating the resources and costs associated with excavating a particular excavation site is significantly increased by providing a computational analysis of the acquired survey data prior to initiating excavation of the site, thereby substantially reducing a contractor's risk of misquoting the costs associated with a particular excavation project due to a lack of accurate and detailed information regarding the geology of the subject excavation site.

The advantages and features of a novel excavator data acquisition and control system and process will generally be discussed with reference to one particular type of excavator, termed a track trencher. It is to be understood, however, that a track trencher represents only one of many embodiments of an excavator that may be equipped with a novel excavator data acquisition and control system as disclosed hereinbelow. As such, the advantages and features of the disclosed novel system and process are not limited to application in connection with a track trencher.

Referring now to the figures and more particularly to FIG. 1, there is shown an illustration of one embodiment of an excavator well-suited for incorporating a novel data acquisition and control system. A track trencher excavator, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, typically includes an engine 36 coupled to a right track drive 32 and a left track drive 34 which together comprise the tractor portion 45 of the track trencher 30. An excavation attachment 46, usually coupled to the front of the tractor portion 45, typically performs a specific type of excavating operation.

A ditcher chain 50, or other excavation attachment, is often employed to dig trenches of varying width and depth at an appreciable rate. The ditcher chain 50 generally remains above the ground in a transport configuration 56 when maneuvering the trencher 30 around an excavation site. During excavation, the ditcher chain 50 is lowered, penetrates the ground, and excavates a trench at the desired depth and speed while in a trenching configuration 58. Another popular trenching attachment, termed a rock wheel in the art, may be controlled in a manner similar to that of the ditcher chain 50. A track trencher 30 is well-suited for efficiently excavating a trench along a predetermined excavation route for the purpose of installing various types of pipelines and utility conduits.

In FIG. 3, there is illustrated a main user interface 101 of a track trencher 30. Propulsion and steering of a track trencher 30 when operating in a transport mode is generally controlled by manipulating the left and right track levers 64 and 66 which respectively control actuation of the left and right track drives 34 and 32. Moving the right track lever 66 forward, for example, generally causes the right track drive 32 to operate in a forward direction and, depending on the relative velocity of the left track drive 34, steers the track trencher 30 to move in either a left or right direction. Reversing the right track drive 32 is generally accomplished by pulling the right track lever 66 backwards, thereby causing the right track drive 32 to operate in a reverse direction. Propulsion of the left track drive 34 is accomplished in substantially the same manner as that previously described with regard to the right track drive 32. Thus, both propulsion and steering are generally controlled by the track levers 64 and 66 of a track trencher 30. Alternatively, the main user interface 101 may be configured to provide for independent steering and propulsion of the left and right track drives 34 and 32, respectively.

It is often desirable to maintain the engine 36 at a constant, optimum output level during excavation which, in turn, allows the attachment 46 to operate at an optimum excavating output level. A prior art control panel typically includes a plurality of controls and switches, including a speed range switch, RPM knob, steering trim knob, and propel trim knob, all of which must typically be adjusted during normal trenching operation to maintain the engine at the desired engine output level when encountering variable attachment 46 loading, and to steer the track trencher 30 in a desired direction. Additionally, a pair of right and left pump potentiometers typically require adjustment and readjustment to equilibrate the operational characteristics of the left and right pumps 38 and 40.

A significant disadvantage of a conventional track trencher control panel concerns a requirement that the operator must generally react quickly to changes in engine 36 loading, typically by first determining the appropriate switch to adjust and then the degree of switch adjustment. Typically, minor propulsion modifications are made by adjusting the propel trim knob. Moderate changes to the propulsion level of the track trencher 30 are generally effected by adjusting the RPM knob. A major modification to the propulsion level of the track trencher 30 is typically accomplished by switching the speed range switch from a high setting to either a medium or low setting, and once again adjusting the propel trim knob and RPM knob in order to avoid stalling out the engine 36.

The novel data acquisition and control system and process obviates the requirement of continuous manual adjustment and readjustment of a plurality of control switches, knobs, and levers. Instead, an intelligent excavation control unit (ECU) is employed to continuously monitor a network of sensors that transduce various excavator functions into electrical signals, and processes these and other electrical signals to optimize the steering and excavating performance of the excavator, with only minimal intervention by an excavator operator. An enhanced user-interface communicates pertinent excavator performance information, as well as geological and geographical position data, to an operator preferably over a display, such as a liquid crystal display or a cathode ray tube display, for example. A keyboard and other levers and switches are provided on the user-interface to communicate with the data acquisition and control system, and control the operation of the excavator.

Data Acquisition and Control System

Turning now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a novel data acquisition and control system shown in system block diagram form. In broad and general terms, the system shown in FIG. 4 significantly enhances the operation of an excavator by the acquisition of geological, geophysical, and position information regarding a particular excavation site, and by employing this information to enhance excavation efficiency. The acquisition of such pertinent excavation site data substantially reduces the risk involved in estimating the cost and scheduling of a particular excavation project. Real-time acquisition of geographical position data provides for precision mapping of an excavated area to accurately identify the location and depth of, for example, buried pipelines and utility conduits installed at the excavation site. These and other significant advantages and features are provided by the novel excavator data acquisition and control system and process as discussed in greater detail hereinbelow.

Referring to FIG. 4 in greater detail, the primary processing component of the novel data acquisition and control system is a main control unit (MCU) 250, which preferably includes a central processing unit (CPU) 264, Random-Access-Memory (RAM) 266, and non-volatile memory 286, such as Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only-Memory (EEPROM). The MCU 250 preferably includes appropriate input and output ports to communicate with a number of other sub-systems that acquire various types of data, process such data, and interface with the control system of an excavator to moderate and optimize the excavation process. A main user interface (MUI) 101 is preferably situated in proximity to an operator seat mounted to the excavator, and provides a means for communicating with the main control unit 250. An excavator control unit (ECU) 255 communicates with the main control unit 250 and is responsive to operator inputs received from the main user interface 101 to cooperatively control the operation of the excavator. A computer or programmable controller 182 is preferably incorporated as a component of the excavator control unit 255 to control and moderate excavator function.

The movement and direction of an excavator is preferably monitored and, if desired, moderated by a geographic positioning unit (GPU) 254. The geographic positioning unit 254 preferably includes a mobile transponder mounted to the excavator and one or more reference transponders. Position reference signals produced by the reference transponders are processed by a CPU 270 of the geographic positioning unit 254 into geographic position data, such as latitude, longitude, and elevation data, and displacement data from one or more reference locations, for example.

An important component of the novel data acquisition and control system concerns a geophysical data acquisition unit (GDAU) 256, which acquires various types of geological and geophysical data for a particular excavation site. In one embodiment, the geophysical data acquisition unit 256 may be decoupled from the main control unit 250 to provide for initial surveying of a predetermined excavation site. After performing the initial survey, the data acquired by the geophysical data acquisition unit 256 is preferably downloaded into the RAM 266 or EEPROM 268 of the main control unit 250. Alternatively, the geophysical data acquisition unit 256 is preferably coupled to the excavator and directly to the main control unit 250 to provide real-time acquisition of geological, geophysical, and position data during excavation. In yet another embodiment, initial surveying of an excavation site provides for the acquisition of pertinent geological, geophysical, and position data which is downloaded to the main control unit 250 upon completion of the initial survey. An onboard geophysical data acquisition unit 256, which preferably includes the components used in the initial survey, provides for real-time data acquisition which may be used in conjunction with the data acquired from the initial survey to optimize excavator production performance. The geophysical data acquisition unit 256 preferably includes a CPU 276, RAM 278, and EEPROM 280.

Among the various types of data acquired by the geophysical data acquisition unit 256, data pertaining to the specific geology at the excavation site, in addition to the physical characteristics of such geology, are of particular importance when optimizing the production performance of an excavator, and when estimating the cost and resource allocation of a particular excavation project. A geologic imaging unit (GIU) 258 is preferably coupled to the geophysical data acquisition unit 256 to provide information concerning the particular geology associated with an excavation site. Various geophysical characteristics associated with a particular geology at the excavation site are preferably determined by a geophysical characterization unit (GCU) 260. An auxiliary user interface (AUI) 262 is preferably coupled to the geophysical data acquisition unit 256 to provide local viewing of acquired data and images, and to provide a means for an operator to communicate with the geophysical data acquisition unit 256. The auxiliary user interface 262 is particularly useful in connection with an embodiment in which the geophysical data acquisition unit 256 is decoupled from the main control unit 250 to perform an initial survey of an excavation site. It is noted that RS-232 communication lines provide sufficient bandwidth for effecting communication between the electronic units and instruments of the novel data acquisition and control system.

Geophysical Data Acquisition Unit (GDAU)

As shown in FIG. 5, the geophysical data acquisition unit 256 preferably includes a geologic imaging unit 258 and a geophysical characterization unit 260. The geophysical characterization unit 260 preferably includes a number of geophysical instruments which provide a physical characterization of the geology for a particular excavation site. A seismic mapping module 286 includes an electronic device consisting of multiple geophysical pressure sensors. A network of these sensors are arranged in a specific orientation with respect to the excavator, and are situated so as to make direct contact with the ground. The network of sensors measures ground pressure waves produced below the excavator and in the trench walls produced by the excavator. Analysis of ground pressure waves received by the network of sensors provides a basis for determining the physical characteristics of the subsurface at the excavation site. This data is preferably processed by the CPU 276 of the geophysical data acquisition unit 256 or, alternatively, by the CPU 264 of the main control unit 250.

A point load tester 288 may be employed to determine the geophysical characteristics of the subsurface at the excavation site. The point load tester 288 preferably employs a plurality conical bits for the loading points which, in turn, are brought into contact with the ground to test the degree to which a particular subsurface can resist a calibrated level of loading. The data acquired by the point load tester 288 provides information corresponding to the geophysical mechanics of the soil under test. This data may also be transmitted to the geophysical data acquisition unit 256 for storage in the RAM 278 or EEPROM 280.

The geophysical characterization unit 260 preferably includes a Schmidt hammer 290, which is a geophysical instrument that measures the rebound hardness characteristics of a sampled subsurface geology. Other geophysical instruments may also be employed to measure the relative energy absorption characteristics of a rock mass, abrasivity, rock volume, rock quality, and other physical characteristics that together provide information regarding the relative difficulty associated with excavating a given geology. The data acquired by the Schmidt hammer 290 is also preferably stored in the RAM 278 or EEPROM 280 of the geophysical data acquisition unit 256.

The geologic imaging unit 258 preferably includes a ground penetrating radar system (GPRadar) 282 and an antenna system 284. The GPRadar system 282 cooperates with the antenna system 284 to transmit source electromagnetic signals into the subsurface of an excavation site. The source electromagnetic signals penetrate the subsurface and are reflected back to the antenna system 284. The reflected source electromagnetic signals received by the antenna system 284 are amplified and conditioned by the GPRadar system 282. In one embodiment, analog reflected source electromagnetic signals processed by the GPRadar system 282 are preferably digitized and quantized by a quantizer 281. In another embodiment, a digitizing GPRadar system 282 performs analog-to-digital conversion of the reflected source electromagnetic signals. The digitized radar data acquired by the geologic imaging unit 258 is preferably stored in RAM 278 or non-volatile EEPROM 280 memory in the geophysical data acquisition unit 256.

Referring now to FIG. 6, there is illustrated a visual illustration of typical geologic imaging data acquired from a GPRadar System 282 employing a conventional single-axis antenna system 284. In FIG. 6, there is plotted GPRadar system 282 data acquired over a test site having five different man-made hazards buried at a depth of approximately 1.3 meters in sandy soil with a water table located at a depth of approximately four to five meters. It is noted that the data illustrated in FIG. 6 is representative of data typically obtainable by use of a PulseEKKO 1000 system manufactured by Sensors and Software, Inc. using conventional single-axis 450 MHz center frequency antennas. Other GPRAdar systems 282 which may be suitable for this application include SIR System-2 and System-10A manufactured by Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. and model 1000B STEPPED-FM Ground Penetrating Radar manufactured by GeoRadar, Inc.

Each of the buried hazards illustrated in FIG. 6 has associated with it a characteristic hyperbolic time-position curve. The apex of the characteristic hyperbolic curve provides an indication of both the position and the depth of a buried hazard. It can be seen from the graph of FIG. 6 that each of the buried hazards is located approximately 1.3 meters below the ground surface, with each of the hazards being separated from adjacent hazards by a horizontal distance of approximately five meters. The GPRadar System 282 data illustrated in FIG. 6 represents geological imaging data acquired using a conventional single-axis antenna system and, as such, only provides a two-dimensional representation of the subsurface being surveyed. As will be discussed in greater detail hereinbelow, a novel antenna system 284 comprising multiple antennas arranged in an orthogonal orientation provides for an enhanced three-dimensional view of the subsurface geology associated with a particular excavation site.

Geographic Positing Unit (GPU)

Turning now to FIG. 7, there is illustrated in greater detail a geographic positioning unit 254 that provides geographic position information regarding the position, movement, and direction of an excavator over an excavation site. In one embodiment, the geographic positioning unit 254 communicates with one or more external reference signal sources to determine information regarding the position of an excavator relative to one or more known reference locations. The relative movement of an excavator over a specified excavation route is preferably determined by the CPU 270 of the geographic positioning unit 254, and stored as position data in RAM 272 or EEPROM 274.

In another embodiment, geographic position data for a predetermined excavation route is preferably acquired prior to excavating the route. This position data may be uploaded into a navigation controller 292 which cooperates with the main control unit 250 and the excavator control unit 255 to provide autopilot-like control and maneuvering of the excavator over the predetermined excavation route. In yet another embodiment, position data acquired by the geographic positioning unit 254 is preferably communicated to a route mapping database 294 which stores the position data for a given excavation site, such as a grid of city streets or a golf course under which various utility, communication, plumbing, and other conduits are buried. The data stored in the route mapping database 294 may be subsequently used to produce a survey map that accurately specifies the location and depth of various utility conduits buried in a specified excavation area.

In one embodiment, a global positioning system (GPS) 296 is employed to provide position data for the geographic positioning unit 254. In accordance with a U.S. Government project to deploy twenty-four communication satellites in three sets of orbits, termed the Global Positioning System (GPS) or NAVSTAR, various signals transmitted from one or more GPS satellites may be used indirectly for purposes of determining positional displacement of an excavator relative to one or more known reference locations. It is generally understood that the U.S. Government GPS satellite system provides for a reserved or protected band and a civilian band. Generally, the protected band provides for high-precision positioning to an accuracy of approximately one to ten feet. The protected band, however, is generally reserved exclusively for military and governmental surveillance purposes, and is modulated in such a manner as to render it virtually useless for civilian applications. The civilian band is modulated so as to significantly decrease its usefulness in high-accuracy applications. In most applications, positional accuracies of approximately one hundred to three hundred feet are typical using the civilian band.

The civilian GPS band, however, can be used indirectly in relatively high-accuracy applications by using one or more civilian GPS signals in combination with one or more ground-based reference signal sources. By employing various known signal processing techniques, generally referred to as differential global positioning system (DGPS) signal processing techniques, positional accuracies on the order of one foot or less are achievable. As shown in FIG. 7, the global positioning system 296 utilizes a signal produced by at least one GPS satellite 302 in cooperation with signals produced by at least two base transponders 304, although use of one base transponder 304 may be satisfactory in some applications. Various known methods for exploiting differential global positioning signals using one or more base transponders 304, together with a GPS satellite signal 302 and a mobile GPS receiver 303 mounted to the excavator, may be employed to accurately resolve excavator movement relative to base transponder 304 reference locations using a GPS satellite signal source.

In another embodiment, a ground-based positioning system may be employed using a range radar system 298. The range radar system 298 preferably includes a plurality of base radio frequency (RF) transponders 306 and a mobile transponder 308 mounted to the excavator. The base transponders 306 emit RF signals which are received by the mobile transponder 308. The mobile transponder 308 preferably includes a computer that calculates the range of the mobile transponder 308 relative to each of the base transponders 306 through various known radar techniques, and then calculates its position relative to all base transponders 306. The position data acquired by the range radar system 298 is preferably stored in the RAM 272 or EEPROM 274 of the geographic positioning unit 254.

An ultra-sonic positioning system 300, in another embodiment, may be employed together with base transponders 310 and a mobile transponder 3l2 mounted to the excavator. The base transponder 310 emits signals having a known clock timebase which are received by the mobile transponder 312. The mobile transponder 312 preferably includes a computer which calculates the range of the mobile transponder 312 relative to each of the base transponders 310 by referencing the clock speed of the source ultrasonic waves. The computer of the mobile transponder 312 also calculates the position of the excavator relative to all of the base transponders 310. It is to be understood that various other known ground-based and satellite-based positioning systems may be employed to accurately determine excavator movement along a predetermined excavation route.

Excavator Control Unit (ECU)

Referring now to FIG. 8, there is illustrated a system block diagram of an excavator control unit (ECU) 255 which communicates with the main control unit (MCU) 250 to coordinate the operation of an excavator. In accordance with an embodiment of the track trencher excavator 30 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the left track drive 34 typically comprises a left track pump 38 coupled to a left track motor 42, and the right track drive 32 typically comprises a right track pump 40 coupled to a right track motor 44. Left and right track motor sensors 198 and 192 are preferably coupled to the left and right track motors 42 and 44, respectively. The left and right track pumps 38 and 40, deriving power from the engine 36, preferably regulate oil flow to the left and right track motors 42 and 44 which, in turn, provide propulsion for the left and right track drives 34 and 32. The excavation attachment 46 preferably comprises an attachment motor 48 and an attachment control 98, with the attachment 46 preferably deriving power from the engine 36. A sensor 186 is preferably coupled to the attachment motor 46. Actuation of the left track motor 42, right track motor 44, and attachment motor 48 is monitored by sensors 198, 192, and 186 respectively. The output signals produced by the sensors 198, 192, and 186 are communicated to the computer 182.

In response to steering and propel control signals respectively produced by the steering control 92 and propel control 90, the computer 182 communicates control signals, typically in the form of control current, to the left and right track pumps 38 and 40 which, in turn, regulate the speed at which the left and right track motors 42 and 44 operate. The left and right track motor sensors 198 and 192 communicate track motor sense signals to the computer 182 indicative of the actual speed of the left and right track motors 42 and 44. Similarly, an engine sensor 208, coupled to the engine 36, provides an engine sense signal to the computer 182, thus completing a closed loop control system for the tractor drive portion 45 of a track trencher 30. Those skilled in the art will recognize that various known computer configurations will provide a suitable platform for effectuating propulsion and steering changes of a track trencher 30 in response to the propel and steering signals produced by the propel and steering controls 90 and 92.

The excavation attachment 46 portion of a track trencher 30 includes an attachment motor 48, attachment control 98, and at least one attachment sensor 186. The attachment motor 48 preferably responds to instructions communicated to the attachment control 98 from the computer 182. The actual output of the attachment motor 48 is monitored by the attachment sensor 186, which produces an attachment sense signal received by the computer 182.

In one embodiment, the left and right track motor sensors 198 and 192 are of a type generally referred to in the art as magnetic pulse pickups, or PPUs. The PPUs 198 and 192 transduce track motor rotation into a continuous series of pulse signals, wherein the pulse train preferably represents the frequency of track motor rotation as measured in revolutions-per-minute. When a transport mode of travel is selected, the propel control 90 preferably produces a transport propel control signal which is representative of a target velocity for the left and right track motors 42 and 44, typically measured in revolutions-per-minute. Conversion of the transport propel signal into a target track motor velocity may be accomplished by the propel control 90 itself or, preferably, by the computer 182. The computer 182 typically compares the left and right track motor sense signals respectively produced by the left and right PPU sensors 198 and 192 to the target track motor propulsion level represented by the transport propel signal. The computer 182 communicates the appropriate pump control signals to the left and right track pumps 38 and 40 in response to the outcome of the comparison to compensate for any deviation between the actual and target track motor propulsion levels.

A display 73 is coupled to the computer 182 or, alternatively, to the main control unit 250, and preferably communicates messages indicative of operating status, diagnostic, calibration, fault, safety, and other related information to an operator. The display 73 provides quick, accurate, and easy-to-understand information to an operator by virtue of the interpretive power of the computer 182 which acquires and processes data from a plurality of track trencher sensors, and various geological and geophysical instruments. Geologic imaging data and related geophysical information, for example, is visually displayed on the display 73. Further, information regarding the position of the excavator as it traverses along a predetermined excavation route, as well as signal quality information received from the geographic positioning unit 254, is displayed on the display 73. A keyboard 75 is also provided on the main user interface 101 to permit an operator to communicate with the excavator control unit 255 and the main control unit 250.

Main Control Unit (MCU)

Turning now to FIG. 9, there is illustrated a block diagram of various databases and software that are utilized by the main control unit (MCU) 250 when accessing and processing geological, geophysical, position, and operational data associated with surveying and excavating a selected excavation site. The data acquired by the geophysic data acquisition unit 256, for example, is preferably stored in a database 326, which includes a GPRadar database 328, a geologic filter database 330, and a geophysics database 332. The GPRadar system 282 data, as previously discussed, is preferably digitized and stored in the GPRadar database 328 in a suitable digital format appropriate for correlation to data stored in other system databases. A geologic filter database 330, as will be discussed in greater detail hereinbelow, includes filtering data produced by correlating GPRadar data to corresponding excavator production data stored in the excavation performance database 324. Correlation and optimization software 320 performs the correlation of GPRadar data to actual excavator production data to develop an array of adjustable geologic digital filters that can be effectively overlaid with real-time acquired geologic image data to exclude or “filter out” verified geology data, thus leaving unverified images representative of one or more buried hazards. By way of further illustration, a particular type of soil produces a characteristic return radar image which can be correlated with excavator production data acquired by the excavator control unit 255. Excavating through granite, for example, produces a characteristic return radar image that can be correlated to various excavator operation parameters, such as excavation attachment motor 48 speed, engine 36 loading, and left or right track motor 42 and 44 velocity changes.

An “excavation difficulty” parameter or set of parameters are preferably computed based on the excavator operating parameters. The “excavation difficulty” parameters are then associated with the characteristic reflected radar image data corresponding to a particular geology, such as granite, for example. An array of “excavation difficulty” filter parameters and associated reflected radar image data values are preferably developed for a wide range of soil and rock, and stored in the geologic filter database 330.

An excavation statistics database 316 preferably receives data files from the correlation and optimization software 320 and compiles statistical data to reflect actual excavator production performance relative to specific geology, maintenance, and equipment variables. In one embodiment, GPRadar data and geophysical data is acquired by the geophysic data acquisition unit 256 during an initial survey of a predetermined excavation route. This data is preferably uploaded to the excavation statistics database 316 prior to excavating the predetermined route. The data stored in the excavation statistics database 316 can be viewed as a production estimate in the sample geology based on past excavator production performance.

The main control unit 250 also executes ECU control software 318 which receives data files from the correlation and optimization software 320 and input commands received from the main user interface 101. The ECU control software 318 compiles a current operation standard for operating the excavator over the course of the predetermined excavation route. If input data received from the main user interface 101 causes a modification in the operation standard, the ECU control software 318 computes modified excavator operational instructions which are transmitted to the main control unit 250 and the excavator control unit 255 which, in turn, modifies the operation of the excavator in response to the modified operation standard.

A maintenance log memory 314 preferably includes non-volatile memory for storing various types of excavator maintenance information. An elapsed time indicator is preferably included in the maintenance log memory 314 which indicates the total elapsed operating time of the excavator. At predefined operating time values, which are preferably stored in the maintenance log memory 314, the excavator operator is prompted by the main user interface 101 that scheduled service is required. Verification of scheduled service, the type of service, the date of service, and other related information is preferably input through the main user interface 101 for permanent storage in the maintenance log memory 314. In one embodiment, the maintenance log memory 314 preferably includes a table of factory designated operational values and ranges of operational values associated with nominal excavator operation. Associated with each of the operational values and ranges of values is a status counter which is incremented upon each occurrence of excavator operation outside of the prescribed values or range of values. The status counter information is useful in assessing the degree to which an excavator has been operated outside factory specified operational ranges, which is particularly useful when determining the appropriateness of warranty repair work.

Geologic Surveying and Imaging

In general operation, as shown in FIG. 10, a predetermined excavation route is preferably initially surveyed using the geographic positioning unit 254 and the geophysic data acquisition unit 256. In one embodiment, the geographic positioning unit 254 and geophysic data acquisition unit 256 are positioned in a transport cart 340 which is pulled along the predetermined excavation route by a vehicle 342. In the illustrative example shown in FIG. 10, the excavation route is a county road under which a utility conduit is to be installed. As the transport cart 340 is pulled along the roadway 344, data received from the geologic imaging unit 258 is acquired for the purpose of determining the soil properties of the subsurface below the roadway 344. Concurrently, geographic position data is acquired by the geographic positioning unit 254 as the vehicle 342 and transport cart 340 traverse the roadway 344. As such, specific geologic data obtained from the geologic imaging unit 258 may be correlated to specific geographic locations along the roadway 344.

The geologic imaging unit 258 preferably includes a GPRadar system 282 which is typically calibrated to penetrate to a pre-established depth associated with a desired depth of excavation. Depending on the pre-determined excavation depth, various types of soil and rock may be encountered along the predetermined excavation route. As shown in FIG. 10, a layer of road fill 346, which lies immediately below the roadway 344, has associated with it a characteristic geologic profile GP₁ and a corresponding geologic filter profile GF₁ which, as previously discussed, represents a correlation between excavation production performance data to reflected radar image data for a particular soil type. As the transport cart 340 traverses the roadway 344, various types of soil and subsurface structures are detected, such as a sand layer 354, gravel 352, bedrock 350, and native soil 348, each of which has a corresponding characteristic geologic profile and geologic filter profile.

Upon completion of the initial survey, the data acquired and stored in the geophysic data acquisition unit 256 and geographic positioning unit 254 is preferably downloaded to a separate personal computer (PC) 252. The PC 252 preferably includes excavation statistics software and an associated database 316 to correlate the acquired survey data with historical excavator production performance data to produce an estimation as to expected excavator performance over the surveyed route. The performance estimates may further be used as a basis for computing the time and cost involved in excavating a particular area based on actual geological data and historical production performance data.

After completion of the initial survey, the geophysic data acquisition unit 256 is preferably coupled to the main control unit 250 on the excavator prior to initiating excavation along the surveyed route. During excavation, as previously discussed, the various databases containing geological, geophysical, position, and excavator operating performance data are processed by the main control unit 250. The main control unit 250, in cooperation with the excavator control unit 255, adjusts the operation of the excavator as it traverses and excavates along the surveyed route to optimize excavation.

Referring now to FIG. 11, there is illustrated an example of a survey profile obtained by transporting the geophysic data acquisition unit 256 and geographic positioning unit 254 along a predetermined excavation route. It is noted that in this illustrative example, the length of the excavation route is defined as the distance between Location L₀ and Location L₅. A corresponding estimated excavation production profile for the predetermined excavation route is shown in FIG. 12.

Referring to FIG. 11 in greater detail, distinct changes in subsurface geological characteristics can be observed at locations L₁, L₂, L₃, and L₄, which are associated with corresponding changes in the “excavation difficulty” parameter plotted along the Y-axis of the survey profile chart. Between locations L₀ and L₁, for example, the geologic profile GP₁ 362 of the subsurface has associated with it a corresponding excavation difficulty parameter of D₁. The geologic imaging data at L₁ indicates a transition in the subsurface geology to soil having a geologic profile of GP₂ 364 and a corresponding excavation difficulty parameter of D₂, thus indicating a transition to relatively softer soil.

The estimated excavation production profile data shown in FIG. 12 indicates a corresponding transition from an initial production profile PP₁ 372 to another production profile PP₂ 374 at location L₁. It is noted that the rate of excavation is plotted along the Y-axis of the excavation production profile chart. Based on the survey profile data for the subsurface geological characteristics between locations L₀ and L₂, it can be seen that an initial excavation rate R₁ is estimated for the portion of the predetermined excavation route between locations L₀ and L₁, and an increased excavation rate of R₂ between excavation route locations L₁ and L₂ due to the lower excavation difficulty parameter D₂ associated with geologic profile GP₂ 364. It can be seen that a similar relationship exists between a particular excavation difficulty parameter and its corresponding estimated excavation rate parameter.

In general, excavation difficulty parameters of increasing magnitude are associated with corresponding excavation rate parameters of decreasing magnitude. This generalized inverse relationship reflects the practical result that excavating relatively hard soil, such as granite, results in a relatively low excavation rate, while excavating relatively soft soil, such as sand, results in relatively high excavation rates. It is noted that associated with each particular geologic profile (GP_(X)) and production profile (PP_(X)), there exists a corresponding excavation time, such as excavation time T₁ associated with geologic profile GP₁ 362 and production profile PP₁ 372. As such, a total estimated excavation time for a particular predetermined excavation route can be obtained by summing each of the individual excavation time parameters T₁ through T_(N).

The survey profile data of FIG. 11 associated with geologic profile GP₄ 368 between excavation route locations L₃ and L₄ indicates a discontinuity at this location. The excavation production profile data of FIG. 12 corresponding to this portion of the predetermined excavation route indicates a corresponding discontinuity in the excavation rate estimation which is shown diverging toward zero. The data for this portion of the predetermined excavation route indicates the existence of extremely tough soil or, more likely, a man-made hazard, such as a concrete or steel pipeline, for example. Further investigation and surveying of the specific area may be warranted, which may require removal of the hazard or modification to the predetermined excavation route.

A more realistic geologic profile for a particular length of the predetermined excavation route is illustrated as geologic profile GP₅ 370 shown between excavation route locations L₄ and L₅. The excavation difficulty parameter for this geologic profile results in an averaged parameter of D₅. Accordingly, an averaged excavation rate of R₅ may be appropriate when excavating this portion of the predetermined route. Alternatively, the excavation rate associated with the production profile PP₅ 380 may be moderated by the excavator control unit 255 to optimize the excavation rate based on such fluctuations in excavation difficulty. It is understood that the ability of an excavator to respond to such fluctuations in excavation rate is generally limited by various mechanical and operational limitations.

Turning now to FIG. 13, there is illustrated a heterogeneous composition of differing soil types over a predetermined excavation route having a predefined distance of L_(S). The soil in region 1, for example, has a geologic profile of GP₁ and a corresponding geologic filter profile of GF₁. Each of the other soil types illustrated in FIG. 13 has a corresponding geologic profile and geologic filter profile value. It is assumed that the geologic filter database 330 contains geologic filter data for each of the regions 1, 2, 3 and 4 illustrated in FIG. 13. A significant advantage of the novel hazard detection process performed by the geophysic data acquisition unit 256 concerns the ability to quickly detect the existence of an unknown buried structure 401. The correlation and optimization software 320 executed by the main control unit 250 preferably filters out known geology using a corresponding known geologic filter profile to exclude the known or verified geology data from data associated with a survey scan image. Filtering out or excluding the known or verified geology data results in imaging only unverified buried structures 401. By excluding known geological data from geologic imaging survey scan data, unknown or suspect buried structures are clearly recognizable.

Referring now to FIG. 14, there is illustrated a conventional antenna configuration for use with a ground penetrating radar system. Generally, a single-axis antenna, such as the one illustrated as antenna-A 382 oriented along the Z-axis, is employed to perform multiple survey passes 384 when attempting to locate a potential buried hazard 386. Generally, a ground penetrating radar system has a time measurement capability which allows measuring of the time for a signal to travel from the transmitter, bounce off a target, and return to the receiver. This time function can be calibrated to the velocity of a specific subsurface condition in order to measure distance to a subsurface object or horizon. Calculations can be used to convert this time value to a distance measurement that represents the depth of the target based upon field determined values for characteristic soil properties, such a dielectric and wave velocity through a particular soil type. A simplified technique that can be used when calibrating the depth measurement capabilities of a particular ground penetrating radar system involves coring a sample target, measuring its depth, and relating it to the number of nanoseconds it takes a wave to propagate.

After the time function capability of the ground penetrating radar system provides an operator with depth information, the radar system is moved laterally in a horizontal (X) direction, thus allowing for the construction of a two-dimensional profile of a subsurface. By performing multiple survey passes in a series of parallel lines 384 over a particular site, a buried hazard 386 may be located. It can be appreciated, however, that the two-dimensional imaging capability of a conventional antenna configuration 382 can result in missing a buried hazard 386, particularly when the hazard 386 is parallel to the direction of a survey pass 384.

A significant advantage of a novel geologic imaging antenna configuration 284 provides for three-dimensional imaging of a subsurface as shown in FIG. 15. A pair of antennas, antenna-A 388 and antenna-B 390, are preferably employed in an orthogonal configuration to provide for three-dimensional imaging of a buried hazard 386. It is noted that the characteristic hyperbolic time-position data distribution, as shown in two-dimensional form in FIG. 6 by use of a conventional single-axis antenna, may instead be plotted as a three-dimensional hyperbolic shape that provides width, length, and breadth dimensions of a detected buried hazard 386. It is further noted that a buried hazard 386, such as a drainage pipeline, which runs parallel to the survey path 392 will immediately be detected by the three-dimensional imaging GPRadar system 282. Respective pairs of orthogonally oriented transmitting and receiving antennas are preferably employed in the antenna system 284 of the geological imaging unit 258.

Excavation Site Mapping

Turning now to FIG. 16, there is illustrated an excavator 410 performing an excavation operation along a city street 420 of a city street grid 422. An important advantage of the novel geographic positioning unit 254 of the excavator 410 concerns the ability to accurately navigate along a predetermined excavation route, such as a city street 420, and to accurately map the excavation route in a route mapping database 294 coupled to the geographic positioning unit 254. It may be desirable to initially survey a city street grid 422 for purposes of accurately establishing an excavation route for each of the applicable city streets 420 comprising the city street grid 422, for example. This data is preferably loaded into the navigation controller 292 of the geographic positioning unit 254.

As the excavator 410 progresses along the excavation route defined for each of the city streets 420, actual position data is acquired by the geographic positioning unit 254 and stored in the route mapping database 294. Any deviation from the predetermined excavation route stored in the navigation controller 292 is accurately recorded in the route mapping database 294. Upon completion of an excavation effort, the data stored in the route mapping database 294 may be downloaded to a PC 252 to construct an “as built” excavation map of the city street grid 422.

Accordingly, an accurate survey map of utility or other conduits installed along the excavation route mav be constructed from the route mapping data and subsequently referenced by workers desiring to gain access to, or avoid, the buried conduits. It is to be understood that excavating one or more city streets for the purpose of installing utility conduits as shown in FIG. 16 is provided for illustrative purposes, and does not represent a limitation on the application of the geographic positioning and route mapping capability of the novel excavator data acquisition and control system.

Still referring to FIG. 16, accurate navigation and mapping of a prescribed excavation route may be accomplished by a global positioning system 296, range radar system 298 or ultrasonic positioning system 300, as discussed previously with respect to FIG. 7. An excavator data acquisition and control system utilizing a GPS 296 configuration preferably includes first and second base transponders 404 and 408 together with one or more GPS signals received from a corresponding number of GPS satellites 302. A mobile transponder 402, preferably mounted to the excavator 410, is provided for receiving the GPS satellite signal 412 and base transponder signals 414 and 418 respectively transmitted from the base transponders 404 and 408. As previously discussed, a modified form of differential GPS positioning techniques may be employed to enhance positioning accuracy to one foot or less.

In another embodiment, a ground-base range radar system 298 includes three base transponders 404, 408, and 406 and a mobile transponder 402 mounted to the excavator 410. It is noted that a third ground-based transponder 406 may be provided as a backup transponder for a system employing a GPS satellite signal 412 in cases where a GPS satellite signal 412 transmission is temporarily terminated. Position data is preferably processed and stored by the geographic positioning unit 254 using the three reference signals 414, 416, and 418 received from the three ground-based radar transponders 404, 406, and 408. An embodiment employing an ultrasonic positioning system 300 would similarly employ three base transponders, 404, 406, and 408 together with a mobile transponder 402 mounted to the excavator 410.

Eacavator Data Acquisition and Control Process

Turning now to FIGS. 17-20, there is illustrated in flowchart form generalized process steps associated with the novel excavator data acquisition and control system and process. Initially, as shown in FIG. 17, a number of ground-based transponders are positioned at appropriate locations along a predetermined excavation route at step 500. The geophysic data acquisition unit 256 and geographic positioning unit 254 are then situated at an initial location L₀ of the excavation route at step 502. The geologic imaging unit 258, geophysical characterization unit 260, and geographic positioning unit 254 are then initialized or calibrated at step 504. After initialization, the geophysic data acquisition unit 256 and geographic positioning unit 254 are transported along the excavation route, during which GPRadar, position, and geophysical data is acquired at steps 506, 508, and 510. The data acquired by the GPRadar system 282 is preferably digitized and quantized at step 512. Data acquisition continues at step 516 until the end of the excavation route is reached, as at step 518. The acquired data is then preferably downloaded to a PC 252 or directly to the main control unit 250.

At step 530, shown in FIG. 18, excavation statistical software is preferably executed on the data acquired during the excavation route survey. At step 532, historical excavator production data is transferred from the excavation statistics database 316 to the PC 252. The data acquired during the survey is also loaded into the PC at step 534. The excavation statistical software then performs a correlation between the acquired GPRadar data and the historical excavator production data step 536.

In one embodiment, correlation between GPRadar data and historical production data is accomplished by use of various known matrix manipulation techniques. A historical production data matrix is preferably produced at step 538 by correlating geologic image data (ID_(X)) with corresponding excavator production data (PD_(X)). A correlation value (CV_(XX)) is produced corresponding to each pair of geologic image data and production data parameters. The correlation value CV₂₂, for example, is a correlation value associated with a statistical correlation between geologic image data parameter ID₂ and excavator production data parameter PD₂. Associated with each geologic image data parameter is an associated time parameter and location parameter, such as T₁ and L₁ associated with geologic image data parameter ID₁. It can be seen that correlation values associated with a plurality of geologic image data and production data parameter pairs can be produced for time and position increments along a predetermined excavation route.

At step 540, actual geologic image data is acquired over the excavation route and preferably processed as a matrix of discrete geologic image data for corresponding discrete time and location distance increments. At step 542, the matrices produced at steps 538 and 540 are manipulated to produce a correlation matrix in which an estimated or projected production data parameter (PD_(XX)) is associated with a pair of corresponding actual geologic image data (ID_(X)) and correlation value (CV_(X)) parameter pairs. For example, an estimated production data parameter PD₃ is associated with actual geologic image data parameter ID₃ and correlation value parameter CV₃. It is noted that each of the estimated production data parameters is associated with a corresponding time and distance location increment.

The estimated production performance parameters for a particular excavation route are computed at step 550 as shown in FIG. 19. The total estimated time (ET_(T)) to excavate the entire excavation route can be estimated by summing the discrete time increments T₁ through T_(N). The operational costs associated with excavating the predetermined excavation route can be determined by summing the operational costs associated with each of the discrete portions along the route. The estimated labor costs (LC_(T)) can be estimated by multiplying the total estimated excavation time (ET_(T)) by the total man hour cost per hour. An estimation of the grand total of costs (GT_(E)) can be determined by summing all of the production costs and labor costs associated with excavating the entire route.

At step 552, the estimated excavator operation parameters are computed. For the portion of the excavation route defined between reference location L₀ and L₁, for example, the estimated production data may indicate an optimal left track velocity (V_(L)) of 125 feet per minute (FPM) and a right track velocity (V_(R)) of 125 FPM. Further, the estimated production data may suggest an optimal excavation attachment speed of approximately 110 RPM and a target engine speed of 2,250 RPM. It is noted that the left and right track velocities V_(L) and V_(R) of 125 FPM, respectively, represents straight tracking by the excavator along the excavation route.

It can be seen that along the excavation route defined between location L₁ and L₂, it is indicated that the excavator is steering in a right direction since the left track velocity V_(L) of 230 FPM is greater than the right track velocity V_(R) of 150 FPM. Also, it is indicated that the excavating attachment speed is increasing to 130 RPM, and that the target engine speed is increasing to 2,400 RPM, thus indicating the presence of relatively softer soil within the region defined between locations L₁ and L₂. Along the excavation route defined between locations L₂ and L₃, it is indicated that the excavator is again tracking in a straight direction and at a relatively slow velocity of 60 FPM, thus indicating the presence of relatively hard subsurface soil. A corresponding slower excavating attachment speed of 100 RPM and lower target engine speed of 2,100 RPM are indicated due to the slower excavator velocity.

At step 560, as shown in FIG. 20, the estimated excavation operating parameters produced at step 552 are loaded into the main control unit 250. Excavation is initiated beginning at reference location L₀ at step 562. At step 564, the main control unit 250 monitors the excavator operational parameters, and out-of-range conditions are recorded in the maintenance log memory 314. Actual production performance parameters are acquired by the excavator control unit 255, at step 568, and transferred to the main control unit 250. Any inputs received from the main user interface 101 are also transferred to the main control unit at step 570. If the actual production performance parameters received from the excavator control unit 255 differ by a predetermined amount from the estimated excavation operation parameters, as tested at step 572, the main control unit 250 optimizes the estimated parameters at step 574, and transmits the optimized parameters to the excavator control unit 255 to effect the necessary changes to excavator operation at step 576. Excavation continues at step 578 until the end location of the predetermined excavation route is reached at step 580, after which the excavation operation is terminated as at step 582.

It will, of course, be understood that various modifications and additions can be made to the preferred embodiments discussed hereinabove without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should not be limited by the particular embodiments discussed above, but should be defined only by the claims set forth below and equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system, comprising: a portable structure; a positioning system that detects a position of the portable structure; a subsurface imaging system supported by the portable structure, the subsurface imaging system comprising: a plurality of antennae, at least a first antenna of the plurality of antennae oriented in a manner differing from an orientation of a second antenna of the plurality of antennae; transmitter circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, for generating electromagnetic probe signals; and receiver circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, for receiving electromagnetic return signals resulting from transmission of the electromagnetic probe signals; and a processor for processing the received electromagnetic return signals, wherein the processor associates position data acquired by the positioning system with return signal data to generate location data representative of a location of an underground object subjected to the electromagnetic probe signals.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first antenna is orientated substantially orthogonal to the second antenna.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of antennae operate in a bi-static mode.
 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a display coupled to the processor.
 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processing system comprising a display, wherein the processing system is separate from the subsurface imaging system and the processor is integral to the processing system.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is integral to the subsurface imaging system.
 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a user interface coupled to the processor.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor generates two-dimensional detection data using the received electromagnetic return signals.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor generates three-dimensional detection data using the received electromagnetic return signals.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the received electromagnetic return signals comprise signal content indicative of a subsurface object or feature, and the processor generates data representative of a volume of the subsurface within which the subsurface object or feature is located.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the positioning system comprises a ground-based electromagnetic (EM) positioning system.
 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the positioning system comprises en ultra-sonic positioning system.
 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the positioning system comprises a global positioning system (GPS).
 14. The system of claim 1, wherein one or more geophysical instruments are supported on the portable structure.
 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the subsurface imaging system comprises a ground penetrating radar system.
 16. A system, comprising: a portable structure; a positioning system that detects a position of the portable structure; a subsurface imaging system supported by the portable structure, the subsurface imaging system comprising: a plurality of antennae, at least a first antenna of the plurality of antennae oriented in a manner differing from an orientation of a second antenna of the plurality of antennae; transmitter circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, for generating electromagnetic probe signals; and receiver circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, for receiving electromagnetic return signals resulting from transmisson of the electromagnetic probe signals; and a processor for processing the received electromagnetic return signals, wherein the processor, using the received electromagnetic return signals and position data acquired by the positioning system, generates a map of a subsurface over which the portable structure has moved.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the first antenna is orientated substantially orthogonal to the second antenna.
 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the plurality of antennae operate in a bi-static mode.
 19. The system of claim 16, further comprising a display coupled to the processor.
 20. The system of claim 16, further comprising a processing system comprising a display, wherein the processing system is separate from the subsurface imaging system and the processor is Integral to the processing system.
 21. The system of claim 16, wherein the processor is integral to the subsurface imaging system.
 22. The system of claim 16, further comprising a user interface coupled to the processor.
 23. The system of claim 16, wherein the processor generates two-dimensional detection data using the received electromagnetic return signals.
 24. The system of claim 16, wherein the processor generates three-dimensional detection data using the received electromagnetic return signals.
 25. The system of claim 16, wherein the received electromagnetic return signals comprise signal content indicative of a subsurface object or feature, and the processor generates data representative of a volume of the subsurface within which the subsurface object or feature is located.
 26. The system of claim 16, wherein the positioning system comprises a ground-based electromagnetic (EM) positioning system.
 27. The system of claim 16, wherein the positioning system comprises an ultra-sonic positioning system.
 28. The system of claim 16, the positioning system comprises aglobal positioning system (GPS).
 29. The system of claim 16, wherein one or more geophysical instruments are supported on the portable structure.
 30. The system of claim 16, wherein the subsurface imaging system comprises a ground penetrating radar system.
 31. A system, comprising: a portable structure; a subsurface imaging system supported by the portable structure, the subsurface imaging system comprising: a plurality of antennae, at least a first antenna of the plurality of antennae oriented in a manner differing from an orientation of a second antenna of the plurality of antennae; transmitter circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, for generating electromagnetic probe signals; and receiver circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, (or receiving electromagnetic return signals resulting from transmission of the electromagnetic probe signals; a processor for processing the received electromagnetic return signals; and a ground-based electromagnetic (EM) positioning system that detects a position of the portable structure.
 32. The system of claim 31, further comprising a user interface coupled to the processor.
 33. The system of claim 31, further comprising a display coupled to the processor.
 34. A system, comprising: a portable structure; a subsurface imaging system supported by the portable structure, the subsurface imaging system comprising: a plurality of antennae, at least a first antenna of the plurality of antennae oriented in a manner differing from an orientation of a second antenna of the plurality of antennae; transmitter circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, for generating electromagnetic probe signals; and receiver circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, for receiving electromagnetic return signals resulting from transmission of the electromagnetic probe signals; a processor for processing the received electromagnetic return signals; and an ultra-sonic positioning system that detects a position of the portable structure.
 35. The system of claim 34, further comprising a user interface coupled to the processor.
 36. The system of claim 34, further comprising a display coupled to the processor.
 37. A system, comprising: a portable structure; a subsurface imaging system supported by the portable structure, the subsurface imaging system comprising: a plurality of antennae, at least a first antenna of the plurality of antennae oriented in a manner differing from an orientation of a second antenna of the plurality of antennae; transmitter circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, for generating electromagnetic probe signals; and receiver circuitry, coupled to the plurality of antennae, for receiving electromagnetic return signals resulting from transmission of the electromagnetic probe signals; a processor for processing the received electromagnetic return signals; and a global positioning system (GPS) that detects a position of the portable structure.
 38. The system of claim 37, further comprising a user interface coupled to the processor.
 39. The system of claim 37, further comprising a display coupled to the processor.
 40. A system, comprising: a portable structure; a subsurface imaging system supported by the portable structure, the subsurface imaging system comprising: transmitter circuitry for generating electromagnetic probe signals; a plurality of transmit antennae coupled to the transmitter circuitry; a plurality of receive antennae for receiving electromagnetic return signals; and receiver circuitry coupled to the receive antennae; a positioning system that detects a position of the portable structure; and a processor for processing received electromagnetic return signals, wherein the processor associates position data acquired by the positioning system with return signal data to generate location data representative of a location of an underground object subjected to the electromagnetic probe signals.
 41. The system of claim 40, wherein the plurality of antennae operate in a bi-static mode.
 42. The system of claim 40, wherein at least two of the transmit antennae are oriented substantially orthogonal to one another, and at least two of the receive antennae are oriented substantially orthogonal to one another.
 43. The system of claim 40, further comprising a display for displaying processed return signals.
 44. The system of claim 40, further comprising a processing system comprising a display, wherein the processing system is separate from the subsurface imaging system and the processor is integral to the processing system.
 45. The system of claim 40, wherein the processor is integral to the subsurface imaging system.
 46. The system of claim 40, further comprising a user interface coupled to the processor.
 47. The system of claim 40, wherein the processor generates two-dimensional detection data using the received electromagnetic return signals.
 48. The system of claim 40, wherein the processor generates three-dimensional detection data using the received electromagnetic return signals.
 49. The system of claim 40, wherein the received electromagnetic return signals comprise signal content indicative of a subsurface object or feature, and the processor generates data representative of a volume of the subsurface within which the subsurface object or feature is located.
 50. The system of claim 40, wherein the positioning system comprises a ground-based electromagnetic (EM) positioning system.
 51. The system of claim 40, wherein the positioning system comprises an ultra-sonic positioning system.
 52. The system of claim 40, wherein the positioning system comprises a global positioning system (GPS).
 53. The system of claim 40, wherein one or flare geophysical instruments are supported on the portable structure.
 54. The system of claim 40, wherein the subsurface imaging system comprises a ground penetrating radar system.
 55. A system, comprising: a portable structure; a subsurface imaging system supported by the portable structure, the subsurface imaging system comprising: transmitter circuitry for generating electromagnetic probe signals; a plurality of transmit antennae coupled to the transmitter circuitry; a plurality of receive antennae for receiving electromagnetic return signals; and receiver circuitry coupled to the receive antennae; a positioning system that detects a position of the portable structure; and a processor for processing received electromagnetic return signals, wherein the processor, using the received electromagnetic return signals and position data acquired by the positioning system, generates a map of a subsurface over which the portable structure has moved.
 56. The system of claim 55, wherein the plurality of antennae operate in a hi-static mode.
 57. The system of claim 55, wherein at least two of the transmit antennae are oriented substantially orthogonal to one another, and at least two of the receive antennae are oriented substantially to one another.
 58. The system of claim 55, further comprising a display for displaying processed return signals.
 59. The system of claim 55, further comprising a processing system comprising a display, wherein the processing system is separate from the subsurface imaging system and the processor is integral to the processing system.
 60. The system of claim 55, wherein the processor is integral to the subsurface imaging system.
 61. The system of claim 55, further comprising a user interface coupled to the processor.
 62. The system of claim 55, wherein the processor generates two-dimensional detection data using the received electromagnetic return signals.
 63. The system of claim 55, wherein the processor generates three-dimensional detection data using the received electromagnetic return signals.
 64. The system of claim 55, wherein the received electromagnetic return signals comprise signal content indicative of a subsurface object or feature, and the processor generates data representative of a volume of the subsurface within which the subsurface object or feature is located.
 65. The system of claim 55, wherein the positioning system comprises a ground-based electromagnetic (EM) positioning system.
 66. The system of claim 55, wherein the positioning system comprises an ultra-sonic positioning system.
 67. The system of claim 55, wherein the positioning system comprises a global positioning system (GPS).
 68. The system of claim 55, wherein one or more geophysical instruments are supported on the portable structure.
 69. The system of claim 55, wherein the subsurface imaging system comprises a ground penetrating radar system.
 70. A system, comprising: a portable structure; a subsurface imaging system supported by the portable structure, the subsurface imaging system comprising: transmitter circuitry for generating electromagnetic probe signals; a plurality of transmit antennae coupled to the transmitter circuitry; a plurality of receive antennae for receiving electromagnetic return signals; and receiver circuitry coupled to the receive antennae; a ground-based electromagnetic (EM) positioning system that detects a position of the portable structure; and a processor for processing received electromagnetic return signals.
 71. The system of claim 70, further comprising a display for displaying processed return signals.
 72. The system of claim 70, comprising a user interface coupled to the processor.
 73. A system, comprising: a portable structure; a subsurface imaging system supported by the portable structure, the subsurface imaging system comprising: transmitter circuitry for generating electromagnetic probe signals; a plurality of transmit antennae coupled to the transmitter circuitry; a plurality of receive antennae for receiving electromagnetic return signals; and receiver circuitry coupled to the receive antennae; an ultra-sonic positioning system that detects a position of the portable structure; and a processor for processing received electromagnetic return signals.
 74. The system of claim 73, further comprising a display for displaying processed return signals.
 75. The system of claim 73, further comprising a user interface coupled to the processor.
 76. A system, comprising: a portable structure; a subsurface imaging system supported by the portable structure, the subsurface imaging system comprising: transmitter circuitry for generating electromagnetic probe signals; a plurality of transmit antennae coupled to the transmitter circuitry: a plurality of receive antennae for receiving electromagnetic return signals; and receiver circuitry coupled to the receive antennae; a global positioning system (GPS) that detects a position of the portable structure; and a processor for processing received electromagnetic return signals.
 77. The system of claim 76, further comprising a display for displaying processed return signals.
 78. The system of claim 76, further comprising a user interface coupled to the processor.
 79. A method of imaging a subsurface, comprising: transmitting, while moving a plurality of antennae, electromagnetic probe signals into the subsurface; receiving, while moving the plurality of antennae, electromagnetic return signals from the subsurface; generating ground-based electromagnetic (EM) positioning data associated with movement of the plurality of antennae; and processing the return signals and positioning data to generate location data representative of a location of an underground object or feature within the subsurface.
 80. The method of claim 79, wherein the plurality of antennae operate in a bi-static mode.
 81. The method of claim 79, wherein at least two of the antennae are oriented substantially orthogonal to one another.
 82. The method of claim 79, wherein the plurality of antennae comprise a plurality of transmit antennae and a plurality of receive antenna, further wherein at least two of the transmit antennae are oriented substantially orthogonal to one another and at least two of the receive antennae are oriented substantially orthogonal to one another.
 83. The method of claim 79, further comprising displaying data developed from the return signals.
 84. The method of claim 79, wherein processing the return signals comprises generating two-dimensional detection data using the return signals.
 85. The method of claim 79, processing the return signals comprises generating three-dimensional detection data using the return signals.
 86. The method of claim 79, wherein processing the return signals and positioning data comprises generating data representative of a volume of the subsurface within which the subsurface object or feature is detected.
 87. The method of claim 79, wherein processing the return signals and positioning data comprises generating a map of a subsurface over which the portable structure is moved.
 88. The method of claim 79, further comprising acquiring one or more geophysical parameters associated with the subsurface.
 89. A method of imaging a subsurface, comprising: transmitting, while moving a plurality of antennae, electromagnetic probe signals into the subsurface; receiving, while moving the plurality of antennae, electromagnetic return signals from the subsurface; generating ultra-sonic positioning data associated with movement of the plurality of antennae; and processing the return signals and positioning data to generate location data representative of a location of an underground object or feature within the subsurface.
 90. The method of claim 89, further comprising displaying data developed from the return signals.
 91. A method of imaging a subsurface, comprising: transmitting, while moving a plurality of antennae, electromagnetic probe signals into the subsurface; receiving, while moving the plurality of antennae, electromagnetic return signals from the subsurface; generating global positioning system (GPS) positioning data associated with movement of the plurality of antennae: and processing the return signals and positioning data to generate location data representative of a location of an underground object or feature within the subsurface.
 92. The method of claim 91, further comprising displaying data developed from the return signals. 